These are more valuable than other types of churns. Opco02573. This crock is also known as the butter bell. Among them was Nathan Dazey, owner of theDazey Churn & Manufacturing Company. Mugler and Heiser owned it in its early yearsand were known for their elaborate cobalt blue floral designs on their pottery. You've already signed up for some newsletters, but you haven't confirmed your address. The mark on the jug is for potter Thompson Harringtonwho ran the Lyons, New York, pottery from 1852 to 1872. 5 GAL. 1 Values Updated, Indian Artifacts Of The Midwest Values Updated, Ornamental Indian Artifacts Identification And Value Guide, Book Of Country Furniture, Baskets, Stoneware And More, Illustrated Catalogue Of Antique And Modern Japanese And Chinese , Porce, Paleo-Indian Artifacts Identifiaction & Value Guide, Arrowheads Early Man Projectile Point Of North America, 2023 - WorthPoint Corporation | 5 Concourse Parkway NE, Suite 2900. Get DIY project ideas and easy-to-follow crafts to help you spruce up your space. While some have their wooden staves facing up, others have the paddle by the side allowing the crank to whip the cream into butter. There was a chip on the mouth but no cracks or repairs. Primitive 3 Gallon Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Nice Looking Display Piece ! Pre-Owned C $65.00 Seller: wdglk (1,044) 100% Buy It Now +C $19.95 shipping Sponsored Vintage Unused Robinson Stoneware Butter Churn 3 Gallon Lid Dasher Stick USA, Antique Robinson Stoneware Butter Churn 3 Gallon W/ Lid & Dasher Stick Vintage. Antique Butter Churn - Etsy They are most common in the late 1800s. Stoneware butter churns are often more valuable, especially if they are in good condition. & B, New Brighton, PA" sold for $503. The material a butter churn is made from also determines its value. A subsequentdesignadded a rotating paddle inside the barrel. : 19th. $65.99. In the 1920s, some companies began to add gears to handles to speed up churning. This number is usually under the barrels of the churn. Original Price 13,638.15 TL A 5-gallon stoneware crock with blue chicken decor, this piece was in excellent condition at the time it sold in 2012 for $780. They can also be purchased online. It wassometimes used to decorate antique stoneware pieces. stoneware churn for sale: Search Result | eBay Unsigned Five Gallon Stoneware Butter Churn. Acrank handlewas attached to the side of the barrel that rotated the barrel. Antique and garden show Nashville - The Free Free. It is bound with an iron band to keep the barrel in place. If youre unsure of what type of churn you have, you may want to try to locate the manufacturers mark on the churn. You may be surprised to find out who buy, Are you wondering where to sell antique China near you? Dairy Dairy- 5 Dazey butter churns no. 3 Gallon Churn. The churn separates the butter from the buttermilk. Morphy Auctions Stoneware Crock With Blue Chicken Decor Similar Flemish ware or blue and white stoneware seems to maintain its value. Antique butter molds refer to stamps used to decorate butter with images and words. Here is a video explaining how butter is made using antique butter churns. The 15-inch tall jug was valued at $117 in 2009 by Morphy Auctions. For instance, unlike the Dazey churns, the wooden butter churn with legs is quite hard to come by because it was not mass-produced. They come in different designs, but some have a crank on the side, and others have a vessel suspended on the legs. In 2019, no similarly marked crocks were selling on eBay or other online auctions. But what about art? Norwegian Butter Churn 3. Stoneware Pottery Butter Churn Crock Lid Only Light Brown Glazed 11 1/2" Diam. You can expect that an old butter churn made from quality wood will be valued higher than any other type. This will make your butter faster to churn. Sign up for more easy craft ideas, fun hobbies, and DIY projects, Large Stoneware Crock With Freehand Decor, Stoneware 8-Gallon New Brighton, PA Crock, P. Mugler & Co. Buffalo N.Y. Stoneware Jug, 10 Rarest and Most Valuable Coins in the World, Victorian Furniture Identification and Price Guide, Weller Pottery Identification and Value Guide, Limoges Porcelain Identification and Value Guide, 4 Types of Valuable and Vintage Advertising Signs, Roseville Pottery Pattern Identification and Value Guide, How to Identify and Price Chippendale Furniture, artist's signature or manufacturer's mark, Simple hand-painted decorations (usually cobalt blue ink), Decorations were handcraftedbeneath the surface of the glaze, Hand-drawn or stenciled numbers and letters. Some butter churns have raised letters or designs on them. One would assume that these molds only had designs carved on them but this is not true. Two beer steins and one small pitcher were included in this lot of near-mint stoneware pieces. Rustikaler antiker Stil Dazey Glaskurbel Butter Abwanderung primitiv Antique Red Wing Crock Bean Pot - Brown and White Stoneware - Advertising T. L, Jones Arnold, Nebraska - Biggest and Best. Mostwooden butter churnshad legs and came in several designs. In 2019, a similar-looking mug was on sale for $200 on eBay. This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. It is in excellent condition with no chips, cracks, or crazing (cracks in the glaze). They are often made with legs and have a crank on the side. ANTIQUE WOODEN BUTTER CHURN STONEWARE CROCK DASHER HANDLE (24" x 6.5 Antique Robinson Stoneware Butter Churn 3 Gallon W/ Lid & Dasher Stick Vintage, Vintage 3 Gallon Red Wing Union Stoneware Butter Churn Crock 3.5 Inch Wing, Customs services and international tracking provided, Antique RED WING DAISY PETAL STONEWARE 12 GALLON CROCK LID BUTTER CHURN LID, Vintage Rare Red Wing 4 gallon Stoneware butter churn Ribcage design salt glaze, Primitive #6 Bee Sting Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Early Red Wing Salt Glaze, Primitive #4 Bee Sting Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Early Red Wing Salt Glaze, Primitive #4 Bee Sting ? It had no cracks, repairs, or chips. How Much Is an Old Butter Churn Worth? Some were basically a barrel suspended on legs. A hand operated butter churn, of barrel form, Antique wooden butter churn with iron mounts, Oak Barrel Butter Churn With Stand, oak barrel. They are fully functional, extremely durable, and lead free. Cream is stirred at a very high speed inside the churn, breaking down the fat molecules. number 4 butter churn | Pricing Guides Dictionary & Values The antique butter churn is no different and finding or owning one that dates as far back as the early days of its creation increases its overall value. Butter churn crock with salt glaze and blue decorations, How to Determine the Value and Identify an Antique Butter Churn, The Build Material and Butter Churn Type Also Helps, Top 10 antique stoneware butter churn value edited by Antique, Antique 4 Gallon Butter Churn Crock Vintage Stoneware with Wood Lid 15 7/8, Antiques Roadshow | Appraisal: 1863 New York Stoneware Butter, Antique Butter Churns 15 For Sale on 1stDibs, 1863 New York Stoneware Butter Churn | Antiques Roadshow PBS, Just a few examples of appraisal values for Butter churn, Antique Red Wing Stoneware Number 2 Crock Butter Churn, 4 Gal BUTTER CHURN Stoneware Crock Four Antique Brown & White Crock Pottery, Vintage Antique Stoneware Butter Churn Dasher, 43 Results for Antique Stoneware Butter Churn For Sale Classifieds, Value of Antique Crocks (Full Stoneware Price Guide), Top 20+ caslon antique mn font free download, Top 9 royal doulton antique china patterns, Antique dining room table with pull out leaves, Top 10+ antique ice cream table and chairs, Top 10+ antique wash bowl and pitcher markings, The barrel churn is the first type of the hand crank churn. There is a major difference between the designs on the antique stoneware and the newer ones. You can visit an antique stoneware expert auction house like Crocker Farm to see images, descriptions, and values of different types of crocks. These designs are commonly birds, trees or flowers. A common one is the wooden plunge churn. . It wasnt until she became a mom that she realized how important it was to share her storiesboth the good and the badwith the people she loves most. Another factor that makes the barrel churn so valuable is that it is the first type to feature a hand crank. It is a simple barrel with a round top that uses iron to hold the wooden staves inside. Butter churns were manufactured by thousands of companies. Antique 8 1/2" Stoneware Butter Churn Crock Lid #6 Please See Pictures, Antique New York Stoneware Company 3 Gallon Butter Churn Crock Blue Flower, Antique vintage #4 large Butter Churn Crock w/Lid 9x16 With Handled And Lid, Vintage Western Stoneware 3 Gallon Butter Churn, Antique Stoneware 4 Gallon Ovoid Form Churn Crock Jar Primitive Southern Pottery, Stoneware Glazed Milk Churn Kitchenalea, Vintage, Vintage Old Glazed Stoneware Butter Churn Crock Lid 9 3/4Across X 1 1/2 Hole, Marshall Pottery Co. Marshall Texas 2 gallon butter churn crock has chip 239. PA Glazed Redware Six Gallon Butter Churn. A single cobalt blue-decorated stein with a Native American chief image sold for $95 on eBay in 2019. 2 Crown Stoneware Butter Churn Crock with Wooden Churn $130.00 $118.21 shipping or Best Offer rare 3 gallon crock butter churn with handles and lid unmarked $195.00 $24.95 shipping or Best Offer Vintage JC Marlow Co Hinman Milker Mankato MN Stoneware Advertising Butter Churn $295.00 $64.95 shipping or Best Offer It is also known as the wooden barrel churn. Butter churn crock with salt glaze and blue decorations 2. In 2019, 3-gallon, unnamed or unmarked antique jugs in excellent condition were also found selling for a similar price. Youll see ad results based on factors like relevancy, and the amount sellers pay per click. Items in the Price Guide are obtained exclusively from licensors and partners solely for our members research needs. Some people use plastic wrap or parchment paper to press the butter. The Dazey churn company popularized the glass jar hand crank churn especially in the United States. Primitive #6 Standard Akron Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Cobalt Blue Pattern ! If an antique butter churn is in excellent condition, it is expected that this item is valued higher than if it is damaged. You can also try reaching out to potential buyers through social media platforms or antique blogs. Spatterware is a decorating technique that appears as if the paint was spattered or sponged onto the surface. Salt Glaze. Antique Stoneware Bundt Cake Mold. Metal bands supporting, TOLEWARE TALL BUTTER CHURN. New Listing Primitive 4 Gallon Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Early Salt Glaze Pottery. antique stoneware butter churn for sale | eBay Choosing the right Antique butter churn can be a very important decision to make, so its important to know what to look for when searching for one. Stoneware butter churnsused a wooden dash to agitate the cream. When determining a crock's value, keep the following in mind. They made use of salt glazes, Albany slip glazes and much later used the Bristol glazes. If youre interested in putting your antique butter churn on eBay, its important to find a reputable site. This difference begs the question, what is an old butter churn worth?. The Dazey churns extend from sizes as small as a pint jar you can hold to relatively larger glasses that would stay in a corner. It had beenunder the ownership of Nathan Clark, Jr., who was succeeded in 1852 by Thompson Harrington. Seven different companies merged together in 1906 to create the Western Stoneware Company. Farmers who made quality butter were also quite interested in trademarks that would distinguish their butter from the others, hence their reason for investing in butter molds that helped them achieve this feat. The crank is what turns the cream into churned butter. Dairy Dairy- 5 Dazey butter churns no. Some of the most crucial ways we will discuss here; A major reason why antique items in general have been attributed to being valuable is because finding one in excellent condition in this day and age can be quite tasking. 3 Antique Salt Glazed 1 Gallon Crocks Plain Stoneware Pottery Butter Churn Jar, Customs services and international tracking provided, Antique Robinson Stoneware Butter Churn 3 Gallon W/ Lid & Dasher Stick Vintage, Antique Red Wing 3 & 4 Gallon 8" LID for Stoneware Butter Churn Crock, Vintage Butter Churn Western Stoneware 3 Gallon 13 H X 9 W, VINTAGE BUTTER CHURN STONEWARE CROCK BLUE ARROWS, N. WHITE UTICA 4 GAL. These were barrel-shaped and joined together to create a water-tight vessel. Etsy uses cookies and similar technologies to give you a better experience, enabling things like: Detailed information can be found in Etsys Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy and our Privacy Policy. If you want to get an accurate appraisal, contact an antique dealer or auction house. Salt Glaze, Antique 3 1/2" LID for Salt Glazed Stoneware Butter Churn Crock. The Buffalo, New York, pottery was owned through 1848 to 1957 by French potter Philip Muglerand American potters John Heiser and Charles Braun. Morphy Auctions valued it at $234 in 2009. Antique Stoneware Beer Bottle, 1800s, Plain Pottery, Rustic Decorative Object OpalStackhouse (109) $83.00 Perugino Stoneware Serving Bowl 8" / Vintage Bowls / Vintage Kitchen Decor / Vintage Tableware / Floral Bowls KissesNPugs (232) $26.00 FREE shipping Ly Tran Dynasty 12th-14th dish Pottery Glazed molded Vietnam Ceramic Antique Original Stoneware However, it was still structurally sound. Listed on Mar 3, 2023 For starters, you should determine its type and condition. It has a handle that is used to push these two pieces together creating an all-round design on the butter. It is marked "Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y." This 18 1/2-inch jug was in excellent condition when it sold for $180 through Morphy Auctions in 2011. Butter churns from the 18th and 19th century are off excellent quality. Yellowware Mixing Bowl and 2 Tone Salt. These are some important details you should remember when it comes to the antique butter churn: Here are the best information about antique barometers for sale voted by users and compiled by us, invite you to learn together, Here are the top best antique corn sheller machine voted by users and compiled by topchef.blog, invite you to learn together, Below is a list of the best antique ginger jar lamps voted by readers and compiled and edited by our team, lets find out, Below are the best information about caslon antique mn font free download voted by users and compiled by antique.bio, invite you to learn together, Here are the top best small antique wooden barrels voted by users and compiled by antique.bio, invite you to learn together, Here are the best information about royal doulton antique china patterns voted by users and compiled by us, invite you to learn together, Top 10+ antique stoneware butter churn value, Types of Antique Butter Churns and their Value, 1. The WeirPottery Company operated from 1899 to 1905. Wood stave construction churn with dasher and lid 46''h. With a five gallon stoneware churn with wood. Primitive #5 Red Wing? These sites will provide you with a free appraisal. As expected, this difference will determine the price the Dazey churns are sold. A butter churn is a tool that converts the cream in whole milk into butter. from . Larger churns tend to be more valuable. The value of a butter churn depends on its design and age. The selling price was dependent on its condition and soda brand. Primitive #5 Red Wing? Sleepy Eye lived from 1780 to 1860 and was a Sioux chief from 1825 to his death. "THE FAVORITE" 10 Gallon Butter Churn, Co, Antique Early Red Wing 4 Gallon Birch Leaf Butter Churn Crock, RED WING Union Stoneware #3 Butter Churn Crock Birch Leaf & Turkey droppings, Red Wing Collectors Society -2011 Commemorative -4 Gal. Hand-turned, antique-style churn is fully functional, extremely durable and looks great in any room of the house. . R&H Homestead Stoneware Butter Churn - Roots and Harvest It bears the mark of Elverson, Sherwood, and Barkerof New Brighton, Pennsylvania, one of the country's foremost pottery makers from the Civil War up through the early 1900s. Chips, cracks, missing pieces, and any other signs of damage in the butter churn may affect value. The mug has a twig handle resembling the bark of a tree. $395 $ 350. There are different ways to determine the value of an antique churn. Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. The 11 1/4-inch tall crock sold in 2011 for $720 through Morphy Auctions. Determining Antique Butter Churn Value | LoveToKnow If you find a crock with a red wing on it, it must have been produced post 1906. The product description saidthat the blue and gray advertising mug was produced by Whites Pottery in Utica, New York, and it dates to circa 1890. Primitive #6 Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Nice Cobalt Blue Pattern ! The value of the vintage churn is dependent upon the size and any rare special features. It is made from primitive wood and is used majorly by countryside folks. Bigger stoneware pieces are usually in high demand due to their rarity. 1 Gallon Salt Glaze Mustard Color. brown crock | Pricing Guides Dictionary & Values - marks4antiques.com There was a problem subscribing you to this newsletter. View more in our Butter Churn Price Guide. This way you would be able to properly ascertain the condition of the butter churn. Encyclopedia of Kitchen Historyby Mary Ellen Snodgrass. 2 Gallon Churn. She believes that every person has a story worth telling, and its her mission to help them tell it in a way that is authentic and true to themselves. They can range from small, pint-sized jars to larger vessels. 2 Gallon Redware Earthenware Jug. STONEWARE FLOWER DECORATED CHURN W/ LID. 10,637.76 TL, 13,638.15 TL 4 Patented Feb 14 22, Dazey Churn & MFG Co. St. Louis, MO, Dairy Dairy- 5 Dazey butter churns- 3 (three . The first butter churn the Dazey company sold was made from tin and it was much bigger. Pamela has over 30 years of experience and has been writing for 20 years. They can be sold as collectors items, or used as accents in a home. You can find them at antique stores, flea markets, and estate sales. The largest piece was 11 inches tall. She loves spending time with her family and friends, reading, writing, and traveling. A 20-gallon jug with two handles and a spigot at the bottom, this piece is 25 inches tall. The value of the vintage churn is dependent upon the size and any rare special features. Examples that are not marked are identified mainly by historical documentation of long-term collections or provenance. Watch how to use the preservative butter crock below, These days people no longer rely on old butter churns to make butter, as there are now refined ways to make butter, not to mention that butter is available in almost every grocery store. Ethnic, Folk & Native American Art When cream was mixed with milk, it broke down the membranes surrounding the milk fat, making butter. Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. The glazed stoneware pottery of our butter churns is easy to clean. One 19th-century handmade butter churn in good condition sold on 1stDibs at $1850. Many antique items are best differentiated using the makers mark, and this is no different for the butter churn. The Monmouth company is one of the companies that merged to join the western stone company in 1906. This preservative device helps retain freshly churned butters smooth and soft texture. This is a popular item. red wing butter churn for sale | eBay Consistently earned 5-star reviews, shipped orders on time, and replied quickly to messages, Looks like you already have an account! Qty: $49.99. This page was last updated: 04-Mar 13:21. Larger ones will be more valuable. When valuing these antique butter churns, patience is critical. Two, Lot of 2: Butter Churn and Mechanical Mixer What is special about Antique butter churn? It fetched a selling price of $205 at Morphy Auctions in 2009. They no doubt made the Dazey butter churn the most adopted type of butter churn mid1800s. Robinson Ransbottom Pottery [History, Value, Marks] - Antique Mall The approximate date of most of thispottery is 1880. Great! Click on the results to view more details In excellent condition with no chips or damage, it stands 5 1/2 inches tall. Entdecke Rustikaler antiker Stil Dazey Glaskurbel Butter Abwanderung primitiv Bauernhaus Dekor in groer Auswahl Vergleichen Angebote und Preise Online kaufen bei eBay Kostenlose Lieferung fr viele Artikel! Amber is also a published author, with her first book slated for release in 2020. The first type is the wooden type. Salt Glaze. You should also get a certificate of authenticity from the appraiser. Turning off personalized advertising opts you out of these sales. Learn more in our Privacy Policy., Help Center, and Cookies & Similar Technologies Policy. This will make your butter taste saltier and add a bit of color. In 1872, Jacob Fisher took over the pottery and operated it until 1902 as the last individual proprietor of the pottery. At 13 1/2 inches tall, its two handles added to its value. Vintage Unused Robinson Stoneware Butter Churn 3 Gallon Lid Dasher Stick USA, Antique RED WING Bee Sting Stoneware 4 gal BUTTER CHURN w Lid & Plunger ~, Antique Dobson Mfg. The value of a butter churn depends on the materials used, as well as its condition. Also, on its exterior you would find metal bands that hold the barrel in place. Most wooden butter churns had legs and came in several designs. In 2019, a 4-gallon wide-mouth T. Harrington Lyons crock,circa 1860, sold for $500 through the Crocker Farms Stoneware Auction. Stoneware Butter Churn Crock, Early Red Wing? In 2019, a similar, 2-gallon Port Edward New York jug with a bird design that had no chips or cracks sold for $450. Antique Butter Churn Value and Price Guide Among the most common examples are from potteries like Red Wing. The butter churn has two handles by the side making it easier to carry. Fits a 7 1/2" Churn Lid.NOTICE THIS Does NOT include the Churn Lid.Buyer pays return shipping. 5 Butter Churns Dairy- 5 Butter Churn Jars-, Lot of milk bottle carriers & butter churn, Primitive butter churn with piggin handle, Five Gallon Stoneware Butter Churn: Five. Below is a list of some of the notable antique crock manufacturers you should know. Sale Price 10,637.76 TL including: butter churn, GOTTFRIED KRUEGER BREWERY COMPANY, NEWARK, Lot of 2: Glass Beaker and Butter Churn Buy It Now. They also vary in size. Value here is based on the design on the stoneware butter churn. The examples with theiroriginal paintor other unique features are more likely to be valuable. Although most people no longer use them to churn butter, antique butter churns can be valuable as conversation pieces or accents in your home or shop. Butter churns can be made of wood, stoneware, and glass. Butter churns can be appraised by an antique dealer, auction house, or insurance company. This churn, although in many ways is quite similar to the basic wooden butter churn, comes with upgrades of its own. For example, barrel butter churns are made from wood, while stoneware butter churns are made from pottery. They have evolved over the centuries, but the basic design hasnt changed much. Canister form. Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. It is marked "Pottery Co. Lyons, New York." Antique 3 Gallon Stoneware Blue Stripe Butter Churn Crock Bucket $89.99 $39.65 shipping Complete Vintage Red Wing Pottery 3 Gallon Butter Churn Crock w/Plunger and Lid $180.00 $75.00 shipping or Best Offer 10 watching Rare One Handle Stoneware Crock 14" Butter Churn W/lid & Dasher Damaged Crack $9.99 0 bids $97.20 shipping 3d 12h or Best Offer it is one of the smaller types of the barrel churn made in Norway. How to decorate with antiques in a modern style. View cart for details. We've sent you an email to confirm your subscription. There are various designs and styles. While the plunge churn is made from wood, the stone wares churn is a pottery made churn. It was listed in excellent condition since no chips, cracks, repairs, or damage wereapparent. The age of a churn will also determine its value. Primitive #6 Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Nice Cobalt Blue Pattern ! It is decorated with a raised emblem of Santa Claus, which may be an unidentified maker's mark. Different types of churns includeplunger churns,barrel churns,paddle churns, andelectric churns. Butter churn | Pricing Guides Dictionary & Values - marks4antiques.com It might interest you to know that these old butter churns are still worth lot and are quite valuable, especially those that are still in good shape. Many times, it features a wooden paddle, similar to the size of an umbrella stand which is inserted through a hole in the lid of a barrel used to ruffle the cream. It featured a barrel with a lid and a dasher (pole). The original paint color used is the cobalt blue for the designs. They are also useful pieces to display in a vintage kitchen. The jug has three half-inch dings, so the condition is rated as good. The second type is the metal type. Check for cracks or chips on the wood of the barrels or the paddle. ANTIQUE PRIMITIVE BUTTER CHURN STONEWARE JAR CROCK 1 GAL W/DASHER Milk C. . View cart for details. The others were: Clinton Stoneware Co., Weir pottery co., Fort Dodge Stoneware, Macomb Pottery Co. and Macomb Stoneware Co., Culbertson Stoneware Co. and the White Hall Pottery. In near-mint condition, this bowl measured 4 by 6 1/2 inches. The bacteria produce a mild fermentation. This will release some gas and allow it to congeal more easily. If so, youre in luck! Antique Red Wing Stoneware 6 Gallon Butter Churn - Large Wing - . Whichever design you find will be just as valuable. Primitive #6 Standard Akron Stoneware Butter Churn Crock ~ Cobalt Blue Pattern ! To cap it off, since they are quite smaller than wooden churns, they cannot be used to churn large quantities of butter. Turkey | English (US) | (TRY), remembering account, browser, and regional preferences, remembering privacy and security settings, personalized search, content, and recommendations, helping sellers understand their audience, showing relevant, targeted ads on and off Etsy. Butter churn makers like Red Wing have their makers mark on their items, likely increasing the value of a butter churn since they are well known. This device is yet another valuable antique. However, they still sell out faster due to their ease of use. Vintage Butter Churn 4. Another trick is to mix in some salt during the final kneading phase.