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Genes consist of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) strands. Cannot generalize to humans We should be cautious about making such generalizations, especially to complex behavior like aggression, because humans can act upon free will, unlike animals Human aggression is extremely destructive, but we seem to have an element of control (our processing might not be automatic/innate) Aggression cannot truly be measured in animals because the intent is not known and cannot be communicated (may be an act of survival, not aggression). Aggressive people with variants of this gene produce lower levels of the enzyme, causing certain neurotransmitters to remain longer in the synapse, causing brain dysfunction. (1993) conducted an analysis of a large family in the Netherlands, a number of which had been responsible for various counts of anti-social and criminal behaviour including attempted rape, exhibitionism and arson. Adoption studies attempt to rule this out by looking at children who have been adopted and have therefore been raised by adopted parents where there is no genetic similarity. They also have certain learned patterns of behavior The code of the Streets.. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7_4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6672-7_4. Genetics - Selective Breeding 6 terms jack_squires3 1. Simply Scholar Ltd. 20-22 Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, 2023 Simply Scholar, Ltd. All rights reserved, 2023 Simply Psychology - Study Guides for Psychology Students. of the users don't pass the Genetic Explanations of Offending Behaviour quiz! Bushman [1998] Participants who had watched a violent film responded more quickly to aggressive words than those who had watched a non-violent film. Irwin and Cressey argue that the prisoners import their aggressive tendencies into prison with them, and this is why the rate of violence is high. Wright and Klee (1999): Societies will be more stable and peaceful if they have systems that allow clever or hardworking people to rise to the top. Some institutions have harsh living conditions, such as prisons, army camps, and refugee camps This is less of a problem if the deprivation is for a good reason; if you were on a round the world yacht race or a mountaineering trip you have positive attitudes to keep you going. The situational approach: prisons make people aggressive its the situation to blame. Blumer 1939: Circular reaction where the people add to the crowd, and the crowd fires up the people. This may have been the MAIN reason for aggression, as there was no other property worth fighting over as we evolved. THE PAIRWISE RATE OF CONCORDANCE, WHICH HAS BEEN USED IN ALL THE PREVIOUS CHRIMINOLOGICAL TWIN TWIN STUDIES, IS FOR MONOZYGOTIC (MZ) MALES, 35 PERCENT; FOR DIZYGOTIC (DZ) MALES, 13 PERCENT; FOR MZ FEMALES, 21 PERCENT; AND FOR DZ FEMALES, 8 PERCENT. The Tihonen et al. Male sticklebacks will respond aggressively to the red underbelly of a rival male but not to a female who does not have the red underbelly. Research support for disinhibition Berkowitz found that participants who saw a film depicting aggression as vengeance gave more fake electric shocks to a confederate The media disinhibited aggression by presenting it as justified and removing social constraints. Children in disguise or in a large group behaved worse. There are also important social implications to taking that deterministic position. Punishing people will be considered unethical if they offend due to their biology. Wolves, Stags, and Lions. Someone who becomes desensitized to violence may therefore perceive it as more normal and be more likely to engage in violence themselves. If the role of biochemistry can be understood, it can then be treated and managed But it is unethical to give drugs to humans to alleviate aggression as it could lead to social control This could be treated more ethically through diet and exercise which acts on neural mechanisms. Stereotyped: behavior follows a certain pattern each time. Females receiving testosterone became more aggressive. New York:Gardner Press. Aim: To see identical twins would both become criminal Priming means that a particular event, image, or even word may be associated with these thoughts. Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior. Price 16.20. Pinker (1997) suggests aggression evolved in men to compete for women. The central idea of this topic is that for aggression to be an adaptive feature, it has to serve a purpose. A schema is a model of what we think normally happens. New York:Gardner Press. One strength of the genetic explanation of offending behaviour is that it is based on scientific studies and supported by empirical evidence. He found that the chance of one twin engaging in criminal behavior when the other twin was criminal was 50% among the MZ twin pairs but only . PubMedGoogle Scholar, Social Science Research Institute, University of Southern California, USA, Katherine Teilmann Van Dusen&Sarnoff A. Mednick&, Mednick, S.A., Gabrielli, W.F., Hutchings, B. PDF Biological theories of offending - Psychlotron Christensen, L. B. Gen. Psychiatry. So individuals with lower levels of cortisol are less inhibited, more inclined to take risks, and act impulsively (Raine, 2002). Deterministic: Evolutionary explanations may seem to suggest that aggression is natural, but Figuerdo [1995] suggests jealousy and domestic violence are context-specific, not inherent. It was found that if a biological mother had a criminal record, 50% of the adopted children also had one by the time they were 18. Doob and Sears [1939]: people felt angry when a bus went by without stopping. Longitudinal Research in the Behavioral, Social and Medical Sciences, vol 2. Due to a rare genetic disease, which caused a MAO-A enzyme deficiency and an abnormality in breaking down serotonin. Exam Tip: Many criticisms can be made of the methodologies used in studying the link between Media and Aggression. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Another situational argument is that the prisons themselves are dysfunctional. THE BASIC SAMPLE ANALYZED IN THIS STUDY COMPRISES 3,586 TWIN PAIRS BORN IN THE EASTERN HALF OF DENMARK BETWEEN 1881 AND 1910, IN WHICH BOTH TWINS WERE ALIVE AT LEAST UNTIL THE AGE OF 15 YEARS. Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior. Active way: Temperament can also impact the person's choices for themselves. Reductionist: Sees only biological factors, overlooking social issues such as de-individuation. Evolutionary Explanations of Human Aggression. Have all your study materials in one place. How does genetics affect criminal behaviour? Participants were subjected to a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan whilst playing a violent video game. The environment also plays an important role in affecting offending behaviour and can interact with one's genetic predispositions to offending. Christiansen, K.O. DNA provides instructions for general physical characteristics (e.g., height)and the process that occur within an organism (e.g. Rude words and hand signs can change, so not evolutionary. ZYGOSITY OF THE TWINS STUDIED WAS DETERMINED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED SIMILARITY TEST BASED ON A QUESTIONNAIRE. Much of Milgrams thinking was influenced by events of the holocaust in Germany. Jealousy has evolved as a male response to the threat of infidelity. Heat, Reifmann [1991]] but could also be noise or loud music. Then, we will outline how genetics link to neural explanations of offending behaviour. The Phineas Gage study provides evidence that brain damage may have an effect on personality, including aggression. Google Scholar Christies, N., J. Andenaes, and S. Skerbaekk. Some characters, and some types of behavior, are more likely to be copied because they are seen as attractive and appropriate, etc. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The Transmission of Schizophrenia. Create and find flashcards in record time. With these particular questions, there is a sizeable risk that people dont understand the difference between the questions and then write about the wrong thing. Karl O. Christiansen evaluated the criminal behavior of 3,586 twin pairs born in Denmark between 1881 and 1910. Drugs increasing serotonin production lead to reduced levels of aggression, suggesting that low levels of serotonin are linked to increased aggression (Delville et al., 1997). Weakness Confounding variables in longitudinal studies Over lengthy periods of time, many sources of aggression interact with media influences such as role models; therefore, it is difficult to separate them and assess contributions to aggressive behavior It is impossible to conclude that violent media rather than confounding variables have affected aggression. Preliminary Study of Criminality Among Twins (From Biosocial Bases of The idea behind biological explanations of offending behaviour is that crime is associated with biological abnormalities. How do adoption studies investigate heritability? Therefore they fight until one backs down, not to the death, just to establish who is stronger and who is weaker. You MUST revise everything because the exam board could choose any question. Throughout most of evolution, there was no money, and no real property, so women were the only target of aggression. Low cortisol leads to Sensation seeking behavior, especially in males (Zuckerman, 2010). MALE MZ: 35%, MALE DZ: 13% FEMALE MZ: 21%. 1977 length. Aggressive Boys, violent criminals, and military offenders all had high levels of testosterone (Dabbs, 1996). Appropriateness: If the behavior was appropriate. If a behaviour is more common among people with similar genes (family members) than people with less genetic similarity, it indicates the behaviour has a high heritability. This explanation was probably an example of Lorenz trying to adapt Freudian ideas to animals! The red on the competing males underbelly is the stimulus that triggers the IRM that, in turn, leads to the aggressive FAP. They suggest that groups or sub-cultures come together because they have some sort of similarity (convergence) and then establish their own norms (emergent norms). Holst [1954] found that instead of getting it out of the system, aggressive action could feed back to make the person angrier and increasingly more aggressive. A prison is a violent place because aggressive people are in there. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. <i>Experimental Methodology.</i>. Children may have known that the Bobo Doll was designed for punching and, therefore, more open to suggestion. Hurwitz, S. and K.O. They screened 14,427 Danish adoptees to see if they had at least one court conviction and looked at whether their adoptive or biological parents also had any convictions. Abstract. Strategies for planning and timing an attack, Deception and the ability to detect deception. Secondly the difference between male and female twin pairs raises an interesting question about the role of gender in criminal behaviour (see critical thinking section below). Twin Studies Evaluation - Advantages and disadvantages table in A Level Fig. Boston Spa, These may be live models, such as parents, or symbolic models, such as characters in the media. Acts of impulsive aggression, such as domestic violence, have a genetic link to the serotonergic system, suggesting that many genes may be involved in aggression (New et al., 2003). Family studies have shown a degree of heritability of offending behaviour. The controversy may also reflect the fact that, until recently, the evidence for genetic influences consisted mainly of twin studies, some of which were methodologically questionable. Genetics of Zoarces populations - CHRISTIANSEN - 1974 - Hereditas In the late 70s, Karl Christiansen launched a large-scale study of 3,586 twin pairs in Denmark. Cohesive group; guards dont question orders, Schemas: Models which help us understand the world [Grebner 1994], Normative beliefs: social rules and explanations [Guerra Et. However, the quality of methodologies varies, and it might be difficult to separate the influence of genetics and other influences. When we encounter the trigger, we may respond in the way we have been primed. Bandura (1973) Frustration may lead to aggression if that has worked for someone in the past and they have internalized that way of dealing with problems. Genetic and Psychophysiological Factors in Asocial Behavior We typically view criminal behaviour as a product of the environment or one's poor choices, but is there a genetic component to it as well? One way of studying heritability is by conducting twin studies. This suggests that there is an element of heritability to criminal behaviour. Five psychological theories could be mentioned to support the view that repeated exposure to video game violence may lead to real-life aggression: Everything you have ever learned about Operant Conditioning can be beautifully applied to this argument. PET-1 Gene is linked to serotonin production, which inhibits aggression. When researchers found the MAOA gene present in 56% of New Zealand Maori men, it was nicknamed The Warrior Gene. Poa {2006] criticized this term as unethical i.e., racist. . Universal: all the animals in that species use the same type of threat. 1977. Next, we will discuss studies that support genetic explanations of offending behaviour, including the Christiansen (1977 twin study) and Mednick et al. Normally, we act in certain ways because we have been socialized to know what is right and wrong. Passive way: Biological parents often create the child's early environment. We call that a trigger. WHILE IT IS NOTED THAT CONCORDANCE RESULTS CAN BE NONCOMPARABLE DUE TO CHANGES IN THE PENAL CODE OVER THE YEARS, AS WELL AS IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE, IT IS CONCLUDED THAT NO RADICAL CHANGES TOOK PLACE DURING THE PERIOD COVERED BY THIS STUDY IN DENMARK. CONCORDANCE IN RELATION TO SOCIAL BACKGROUND FACTORS IS ANALYZED IN UNSELECTED TWIN PAIRS FROM THE DANISH TWIN REGISTER. Can we generalize from studies on animals to humans as their anatomy & physiology is different from humans? However, this may not simply mean it looked better. found that participants given a serotonin-enhancing drug gave fewer and less intense electric shocks to a confederate than people in a placebo group This gives evidence of a link between serotonin function and aggression that goes beyond correlational findings. Some people retreat, back down, and hide in their cells. He compared the concordance rates of criminal behaviour among monozygotic (who share 100% of their genes) and dizygotic twins (who share 50% of their genes). What were the findings of Christiansen (1977) twin study? Zimbardos experiment strongly supports the situational approach. Females given testosterone as adults did not react in this way, suggesting that testosterone masculinizes aggression systems in the brain at birth. Bogaert et al. Genes can influence behaviour indirectly, through one's environment. Genetic explanations investigate the heritability and genetic correlates of behaviours. The twins were assessed through tests and interviews in terms of alcohol problems, drug problems and symptoms related to antisocial behaviour in childhood and adulthood. Franklin (2006): Age and overcrowding led to aggression, with younger inmates (18-30) being most aggressive in conditions of overcrowding. Contagion Theory : Starting point for deindividuation, Gergen 1973: Deindividuated persons in dark areas became more affectionate. Lea [1984] analyzed FAPs and identified five features: Tinbergen presented male sticklebacks with a series of wooden models of different shapes. However, the experiments which have been done on mice relate to chemicals and genes which are very similar. Aggressive behavior should always be shown to be punished Research can be used to reduce the effect of computer games on aggression. Jealous males are determined to pass on their OWN genes. Christiansen found higher concordance rates of criminal behaviour among monozygotic twin pairs compared to dizygotic twin pairs. SOCIAL BACKGROUND FACTORS THAT WERE CONSIDERED INCLUDED BIRTH YEAR, BIRTH PLACE, FATHER'S SOCIAL CLASS, AND SERIOUSNESS OF CRIME. However, he found that our culture changes so quickly that cultural differences in signs can change more quickly than evolutionary patterns. Bruce Johnson is an A-level psychology teacher, and head of the sixth form at Caterham High School. Some even used the prisoners as slave labor on prison farms. So you will also draw upon your knowledge of biological factors, but you MUST show a link to genetics for each one. Subscribe now and start your journey towards a happier, healthier you. The Super-Male hypothesis (Sandberg, 1961) suggested the XYY Gene led to aggression. 89. (PDF) Twin Studies, Heritability, and Intelligence - ResearchGate This led to a massive improvement in behavior in the 1990s. (Gardner Press, New York, 1977.) Sign up to highlight and take notes. While Lombrosos work was influential, it quickly lost popularity. Percentage of adoptees with prior convictions in relation to their biological or adoptive parents' criminal records. Genetic Influences in Criminal Behavior:Evidence from an Adoption Cohort. We get aroused and excited by a film or a game, and this causes us to lose our inhibitions, acting in a more extreme manner till the excitement dies down. Male and female mice with and without the gene were tested. Monozygotic twins are not only identical when it comes to their genes, but also share a similar environment growing up. One way around this is to use adoption studies, which enable psychologists to rule out the effects of the environment, since the adoptees are being raised in a different environment from the biological parent concerned. Christiansen, K.O. How can genes affect behaviour indirectly? Bushman and Anderson [2009] found that desensitization made people less likely to help others in unpleasant situations. The researchers hypothesised that males in this family had a MAO-A enzyme deficiency due to an abnormal MAOA gene. 4. In:S.A. Mednick and K.O. Once it is out of the system, the animal is less aggressive again till the level of Action Specific Energy has built up again. Therefore, the violence the children witnessed was on television and was against a doll, not a human. Neuropsychopharmacol 32, 23752383 (2007). Twin studies and family studies are seen as problematic since they dont rule out the impact of the environment. In the natural world, a certain level of natural fear should make people hold back from violent situations. (1977). But people were less angry if the bus had a sign saying out of service [Pastore 1952]. Comparative much of the work on hormones and neurotransmitters have been done on animals and may not apply to humans so easily. That being said, those who had previously agreed with the concept of atavistic form, later retracted that assertion, but did go on to say that while it may not account for the whole criminal population, it could explain as much as a third of it (Lombroso-Ferrero, 1911). Genes consist of DNA strands. Later research by Alice Theilgard [1984] did show that 16 men out of 30,000 sampled had the XYY gene and that these were slightly more aggressive and slightly less intelligent, but this is such a rare mutation that it does not explain aggression in the general population. By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. So Berkowitz argues that we learn anti-social attitudes from the media, and these are associated with certain triggers. Some of the most promising work involves the study of twins and adoptees. 1970. A consistent pattern, lasting beyond 19 years of age, of im- pulse-ridden or acting-out behavior must be evident. Genetics are involved in causing neural vulnerabilities to violence and aggression. Berkowitz thinks watching violent movies could lead to storing schemas and cognitive scripts which involve aggression, e.g., the students in the Stanford Prison experiment had never been in a real prison but they may have had a schema based on movies they had seen. Google Scholar Vger D., Leon D.Ischaemic heart disease and low birth weight: a test of the fetal-origins hypothesis from the Swedish Twin Registry. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. However, control females given testosterone as adults did not react in this way (Edwards,1968). 89. Methods: Asurvey among all 3,099 Danish twins ages 75 years and older identified in the Danish Twin Registry. (RCB), Territories Financial Support Center (TFSC), Tribal Financial Management Center (TFMC). 127. If they remain similar to their biological family on a particular trait despite growing up with the adoptive family, this indicates a contribution of genetic factors to the trait. Heredity / Environment: Biological theories tend to overlook the effects of socialization and other environmental issues, such as environmental stressors. Emergent Norm Theory & convergence theory. E.g., Lack of self-control Delisi (2011); Impulsive, anti-social Wang & Diamond (2003). It might relate to how much the participant believed it was realistic. Google Scholar Crowe, R. 1975. However, criminality is not always the same as aggression. Christiansen (Eds.) Research support for the role of serotonin Berman et al. what christiansen was trying to find out he analysed pairs of twins in an effort to determine whether criminal tendencies might be inherited study - procedures monozygotic ( identical) twins where used as they share the same genes as they both developed from the same egg therefore if 1 twin is criminal, so should the other one Such a statement would seem bizarre today. Haller, M.H. This is the same as happens when engaged in real acts of violence. Christiansen (Eds.) 1 - Genetic explanations of offending behaviour investigate what genes are associated with offending. Getting a tough reputation is very important in order to get respect and not be a victim. THE TWIN COEFFICIENT IS EXAMINED IN RELATION TO CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION GROUP TO WHICH THE TWINS BELONG, AND IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE SPECIFIC TWIN MILIEU, WHICH IS A PRODUCT OF INHERITANCE AND ENVIRONMENT, HAS DIFFERING INFLUENCES ON MZ AND DZ TWINS PAIRS AS WELL AS ON PAIRS WITH VARYING ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUNDS. This matters because it is difficult to apply the results beyond the family in question, since the genetic make-up is unique to them. Oxford:Pergamon. neurotransmitter activity), which can affect psychological traits. An interviewwas conducted with 77% of the twins. Prevent a partner from being unfaithful. IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE INFLUENCE OF BACKGROUND FACTORS ON THE CONCORDANCE RATES IN VARIOUS SUBGROUPS OF TWINS, IT IS NECESSARY TO COMPARE THE CONCORDANT PAIRS WITH THE TOTAL TWIN POPULATION WHEN THE TRAIT OCCURS WITH A RELATIVELY HIGH FREQUENCY, AS IS THE CASE WITH CRIME. (Alcohol and/or drug abuse can be an expression of either a or b.) Research shows a relationship between low levels of serotonin and violent behaviors, suggesting that a lack of serotonin is linked to aggression (Linnoila & Virkunen, 1992). ZYGOSITY OF THE TWINS STUDIED WAS DETERMINED BY MEANS OF A MODIFIED SIMILARITY TEST BASED ON A QUESTIONNAIRE. E.g. Many adoptees are selectively placed in adoptive families that are similar to their biological ones. When people are frustrated, they experience a drive (links to the psychodynamic approach) to be aggressive towards the object of their frustration, but this is often impossible or inappropriate, so the source of their aggression is displaced on something or someone else. Individual factors [Collins 1989] make disinhibition more or less likely: Disinhibition is less likely if Strong family norms against violence or when adults discuss issues from the film with their children. Twin Studies . (Plomin & Asbury, 2005, p.86). Drury and Delisi (2011). However, Berkowitz addressed these inadequacies by developing his negative affect theory. Murray [2007] used fMRI scans to study childrens brains when watching violent and non-violent TV programs. Let's consider the example of the MAOA gene; while a shorter variation of this gene is independently linked to violent behaviour, it can also interact with one's nurture. Effects may involve a reduction in physiological arousal (e.g., heart rate) when exposed to real violence or a psychological response (e.g., having less sympathy for a victim). For example, a twin study may find a 68% concordance between monozygotic twins, but if they are raised in the same home environment, then the chances are that they will be treated in a similar way by their parents/siblings and therefore the learning environment that they grow up in is likely to be a factor in their behaviour. In:R. Fieve, D. Rosenthal, and H. Brill (Eds.) Socially sensitive It suggests that aggression is somewhat excusable and out of the control of the individual committing the behavior This has important consequences within the legal system Brings into question the credibility of the theory and makes it imperative that such socially sensitive research is not released into the public domain. Steve Berkowitz [1984] did an experiment involving an argument in an office. THESE DIFFERENCES ARE ANALYZED IN TERMS OF HEREDITARY FACTORS INTERACTING WITH SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTS THAT PROVIDE DISTINCTIVE PATTERNS AND DEGREES OF RESISTANCE TO DEVIANT BEHAVIOR. The experiment was in a lab which may lack ecological validity. Individuals with elevated testosterone levels exhibit signs of aggression but rarely commit aggressive acts, suggesting that social and cognitive factors play a mediating role (Higley et al., 1996). 1965. Deterministic: Assumes humans have no choice and will follow primitive behavior patterns. Gillingham, D. E. (2012). For example, sexual jealousy may have evolved to ensure that men pass on their own genes rather than allowing other males access to their mate.