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He understands that the mouse tried to shelter in a field where it could coziebeneath the blast. It was here it thought to dwell but then, crash! The wind came through and destroyed the home it has built. Mouse models allow perturbations in gut microbiota to be studied in a controlled experimental setup, and thus help in assessing causality of the complex host-microbiota interactions and in developing mechanistic hypotheses. 63, 213227 (1994), Hudson, R. R. & Kaplan, N. L. Deleterious background selection with recombination. 21). Within the set of 1,506 orthologous humanmouse gene pairs, there are 22 cases in which the overall coding length is identical between the gene pairs, but they differ in the number of exons. The lower gene count was based on the observed and predicted gene counts, statistically adjusted for systematic under- and overcounting. The expansions appear to be associated, in part, with gender differences in the metabolism of androgens and xenobiotics (see below). Curr. 11, 17361745 (2001), PubMed Genome-wide alignments also allow us to investigate how the patterns of neutral substitution, deletion and insertion vary across the genome, providing an insight on the underlying mutational processes. Do they extend, corroborate, complicate, contradict, correct, or debate one another? Jim Gatacre founded the Handicapped Scube Association (HSA). Nature Genet. The extant L1 elements in both species derive from a common ancestor (L1MA6 in Table 6) by means of a series of subfamilies defined primarily by the rapidly evolving 3 non-coding sequences110. & Lander, E. S. Human and mouse gene structure: comparative analysis and application to exon prediction. A higher sequence frequency occurred in mouse than in human (70.6% versus 35.7%) when the number of AA changes ranged from 0 to 5. The mouse genome is about 14% smaller than the human genome (2.5Gb compared with 2.9Gb). Sci. This tendency is not uniform, with the most extreme differences seen at the tails of the distribution. So, flexibility and quickness in adopting changes are vital. USA 97, 66346639 (2000), Boissinot, S. & Furano, A. V. Adaptive evolution in LINE-1 retrotransposons. Conducting a comparative analysis can help you understand the problem in-depth and form strategies. Nature 420 , 520-562 ( 2002) Cite this article. It seems more probable that these features reflect local variation in underlying mutation rate, caused by differences in DNA metabolism or chromosome physiology. Nucleic Acids Res. Lejeune Foundations; and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. The inserts ranged in size from 2 to 200kb (Table 1). Many windows in the coding region get L-scores greater than 3, indicating less than a 1/1,000 chance of occurring under neutral evolution (Pselected(S) > 0.94; see Fig. Comparative analyses of the molecular characteristics of Sabra and other strains should help to understand their characteristics and to enhance the validity of their experimental use. 124)). Overall, 5 UTRs are slightly better conserved than 3 UTRs; however, significantly more of 3-UTR sequence is covered by multiple alignments than 5-UTR sequence (21% compared with 16%). Proc. Comparative Analysis of Safety and Security 3. These include new paralogues for genes responsible for at least five diseases: RFX5, responsible for a type of severe combined immunodeficiency resulting from lack of expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens on certain haematopoietic cells152; bestrophin, responsible for a form of muscular degeneration153; otoferlin, responsible for a non-syndromic prelingual deafness154; Crumbs1, mutated in two inherited eye disorders155,156; and adiponectin, a deficiency of which leads to diet-induced insulin resistance in mice157. PubMed a, Phylogenetic tree, based on the neighbour-joining method297, applied to the alignment of the whole P450 protein family. True functional tRNA genes would be expected to be highly conserved. A recent paper on the human genome sequence1 provided extensive background on mammalian transposons, describing their biology and illustrating many applications to evolutionary studies. Using three-dimensional electron microscopy, Loomba et al. Evol. Proc. 2, 919929 (2001), Storz, G. An expanding universe of noncoding RNAs. Proc. The main computational tool was the Ensembl gene prediction pipeline142 augmented with the Genie gene prediction pipeline143. New insights into the epitranscriptomic control of pluripotent stem cell fate. Thus, (G+C) content changes between mouse and human, as explored previously259, do not adequately explain the correlations. Mol. Nature 418, 743750 (2002), Mural, R. J. et al. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. This bundle of resources for Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck features Common Core aligned lessons, PowerPoints, assessments, and rubrics. Curr. Copies of LINE1 (L1) form the single largest fraction of interspersed repeat sequence in both human and mouse. Accordingly, we did not add these predictions to our gene catalogues; however, we did use them to fill in missing exons in existing predictions (see Supplementary Information). The apparent absence of <2% diverged interspersed repeats in mouse is primarily due to the shotgun sequencing strategy; long, closely similar interspersed repeats very often were not assembled. a. Accessed 5 March 2023. The tendency for both genomes to be gene-poor at low (G+C) content and gene-rich at high (G+C) content is shown directly in d, which shows the fraction of genes residing within the portion of the genome having (G+C) content below a given level (for example, the half of the genome with the lowest (G+C) content contains 25% of the genes). During two decades of subsequent work, the density of the synteny map has been increased, but the estimated number of syntenic regions has remained close to the original projection. Biophys. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! c, Conservation near the 5 splice site. Evol. It is clear that the mammalian genome is evolving under the influence of non-uniform local forces. Mousehuman sequence comparisons allow an estimate of the rate of protein evolution in mammals. Contrib. And this means you can display insights into multiple variables using the same chart. In general, the gene regulation machinery and networks are conserved in mouse and human, but the details differ quite a bit, notes Dr. Michael Snyder of Stanford University, a co-senior author on the main Nature study. Dev. Deficient pheromone responses in mice lacking a cluster of vomeronasal receptor genes. We analysed the mouse gene predictions further, focusing on those whose best human match fell outside the region of conserved synteny and those without clear orthologues in the human genome. 18, 20322039 (2001), Makalowski, W. & Boguski, M. S. Evolutionary parameters of the transcribed mammalian genome: an analysis of 2,820 orthologous rodent and human sequences. O'Brien, S.) 4.1104.142, (1992), Dietrich, W. F. et al. We define a syntenic segment to be a maximal region in which a series of landmarks occur in the same order on a single chromosome in both species. Google Scholar, Daly, M. J. Estimating the human gene count. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the You only need to compare data points side-by-side. Different chromosomes in the corresponding genome are differentiated with distinct colours. These include burgeoning mammalian EST and cDNA collections, knowledge of the genomes and proteomes of a growing number of organisms, increasingly complete coverage of the mouse and human genomes in high-quality sequence assemblies, and the ability to use de novo gene prediction methodologies that exploit information from two mammalian genomes to avoid potential biases inherent in using known transcripts or homology to known genes. Literally, comparative genomics allows one to link laboratory notebooks of clinical and basic researchers. Burns choice to emphasize the Scottish dialect is very evident in these lines. When exon pairs do have different lengths, the differences are predominantly multiples of three (858 out of the 930 with different lengths), as expected from coding-frame constraints. Genomic Maps and Comparative Analysis of . The first is the combination of protein domains into new architectures. 5 Steps to Make a Comparative Analysis Step 1: Research On the Main Object Step 2: Identify the Comparing Objects Step 3: Note the Similarities and Differences Step 4: Evaluate the Findings Step 5: Make the Decision 14+ Comparative Analysis Templates 1. We chose to sequence DNA from a single mouse strain, rather than from a mixture of strains45, to generate a solid reference foundation, reasoning that polymorphic variation in other strains could be added subsequently (see below). "To a Mouse" is an eight-stanza poem written 1785 in the Scots language. Ideally, one would like to perform de novo gene prediction directly from genomic sequence by recognizing statistical properties of coding regions, splice sites, introns and other gene features. To a Mouse by Robert Burns is an eight stanza poem which is separated into sets of six lines, or sestets. (in the press), Bernardi, G. The human genome: organization and evolutionary history. Members of the clusters also seem to be undergoing rapid sequence evolution, as measured by the KA/KS ratio (Fig. Don't read it before a birthday party or any other celebration. a, b, The number of segments (a) and blocks (b) with synteny conserved between mouse and human in 5-Mb bins (starting with 0.35Mb) is plotted on a logarithmic scale. Selection in specific regions, however, is by no means excluded, and indeed seems probable (for example, for the major histocompatibility complex). In mouse, this class includes active ERVs, such as the murine leukaemia virus, MuRRS, MuRVY and VL30 (several of which have caused insertional mutations in mouse)no similar activity is known to exist in human. we performed a comparative proteomics analysis of obstructed kidneys from pediatric patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) and healthy kidney tissues. Nucleic Acids Res. J. Mol. The site is secure. In other words, some functionally important sequence cannot be separated cleanly from the tail of the distribution of neutral conservation. Life Sci. This relationship is at the heart of any compare-and-contrast paper. As a final step, we enhanced the WGS sequence assembly by substituting available finished BAC-derived sequence from the B6 strain. Such ancestral repeats are more likely than any other sequence in the genome to have been under no functional constraint. 8600 Rockville Pike Knowing what your competitors provide and not provide is always better than guessing on your own. The bulk of this region was not reliably assembled in the draft genome sequence. However, deletions of modest size may largely be neutral given the relatively low proportion of functional sequence in the genome. Mouse BAC ends quality assessment and sequence analyses. Once much of the sequence was anchored, it was possible to exploit additional read-pair and physical mapping information to obtain greater continuity (Table 2). In addition, conserved sequences probably encode non-protein-coding RNAs (which remain difficult to discern) and chromosomal structural elements. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Because mouse chromosomes are acrocentric, they show the effect only at one end. The proportion of mouse genes with a single identifiable orthologue in the human genome seems to be approximately 80%. Biol. Chromosome X, by contrast, shows no net relative expansion or contraction, with a mouse/human ratio of 1.03 (Fig. Eukaryotic protein invention appears to have occurred largely through two important mechanisms. Among the active class II elements in mouse are two abundant and active groups, the intracisternal-A particles (IAP) and the early-transposons (ETn). Eur. Evol. The analysis revealed a list of genes expressed under soil growth conditions and a different set of genes encoding proteins which may be important for survival, replication, and . Comparative analysis is a method that is widely used in social science. Protein-domain-containing regions have low KA/KS ratios (<0.15), suggesting that they may be subject to greater degrees of purifying selection than are the domain-free regions. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. Furthermore, some of the conserved fraction may correspond to sequences that were under selection for some period of time but are no longer functional; these could include recent pseudogenes. The filtering process thus removed 24-fold more apparent false positives than true positives. The black line indicates identical (G+C) content in orthologous segments. Deeper understanding of the biology of transposable elements and detailed knowledge of interspersed repeat populations in other mammals should clarify these issues. Nature Genet. & Hudspeth, A. J. Google Scholar, Dehal, P. et al. & Todd, J. The mouse genome contains fewer CpG islands than the human genome (about 15,500 compared with 27,000), which is qualitatively consistent with previous reports98. Regions containing predicted domains had higher average percentage identities and lower KA/KS values than regions without predicted domains or than full-length proteins (Fig. To do so, we searched the genomic regions lying outside the predicted genes in the current catalogue for sequence with significant similarity to known proteins. Sci. 11, 15741583 (2001), Alexandersson, M., Cawley, S. & Pachter, L. SLAMcross-species GeneFinding and alignment with a generalized pair hidden Markov model. & Hurst, L. D. Local similarity in evolutionary rates extends over whole chromosomes in human-rodent and mouse-rat comparisons: implications for understanding the mechanistic basis of the male mutation bias. In a sample of 101 predictions that failed to meet the criteria, the validation rate was 11% for genes with strong homology to human sequence and 3% for those without. ), International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Bioinformatics 17, 847848 (2001), Creating the gene ontology resource: design and implementation. Large-scale comparative sequence analysis of the human and murine Bruton's tyrosine kinase loci reveals conserved regulatory domains. There are, however, several other possible reasons why this small set of mouse genes lack a human homologue. 37, 93108 (1993), Zerial, M., Salinas, J., Filipski, J. In contrast, mouse repeats have diverged by at least 2627% or about 0.34 substitutions per site, which is about twofold higher than in the human lineage. Biocomput. All of the work has gone to waste as the wind has turnd the mouse out of its home. Trends Mol. 2014 Nov 21;346(6212):1007-12. doi: 10.1126/science.1246426. In general, (G+C) content is correlated between the two species, but very few mouse windows have a (G+C) content over 55%, even where the related human window has over 60% (G+C) content. Mol. The predicted transcripts are then aggregated into predicted genes on the basis of sequence overlaps (see Supplementary Information). The availability of an annotated mouse genome sequence now provides the most efficient tool yet in the gene hunter's toolkit. Expression of the reporter correlates with integration into a transcriptional unit, which is disrupted by the event and confers its tissue and developmental specificity to the reporter. The first (0.4%) consists of 63 predicted genes that seem to encode Gag/Pol proteins from mouse-specific retrovirus elements. As more mammalian species are sequenced, it should be possible to draw such inferences and study the nature of chromosome rearrangement. Very elated to share My Recent Article on "A Comparative Analysis of Hyperparameter Tuned Stochastic Short Term Load Forecasting for Power System Operator " in 27, 311320 (1988), Mouchiroud, D. & Gautier, C. Codon usage changes and sequence dissimilarity between human and rat. 2014 Dec 2;111(48):17224-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413624111. 45, 579588 (1997), Kasper, S. & Matusik, R. J. Rat probasin: structure and function of an outlier lipocalin. Comparative analysis is different than a traditional compare/contrast essay in the following way: _____ The goal of comparative analysis is to: _____ When you put two articles in conversation with one another in order to shed light on a topic, continue a discussion, or potentially resolve a problem, you are: . 21, 18631872 (1993), Hamilton, B. The individual sequence reads together were found to contain 493-fold coverage of the Sp100-rs gene, suggesting that there are roughly 60 copies in the B6 genome (corresponding to a region of about 6Mb). Genome Res. Proc. Med. Comparative genome sequence analysis of the Bpa/Str region in mouse and man. Nucleic Acids Res. 3, 4352 (2002), Cormier, R. T. et al. Science 296, 7992 (2002), Battey, J., Jordan, E., Cox, D. & Dove, W. An action plan for mouse genomics. The red horizontal line represents the median and the box indicates the middle 67% of the data between the 16th and 83rd percentiles. 20). The promise of comparative genomics in mammals. b, Detailed phylogenetic tree of the CYP2C family based on the neighbour-joining method. The alignments included approximately 98% of known coding regions, indicating that they correctly captured known, well-conserved sequence. Other clusters are closely related to hormone metabolism and response. Lennie talks. The resulting draft genome sequence, MGSCv3, was submitted to the public databases and is freely available in electronic form through various sources (see below). For these and other reasons, the Human Genome Project (HGP) recognized from its outset that the sequencing of the human genome needed to be followed as rapidly as possible by the sequencing of the mouse genome. CNS myelin and sertoli cell tight junction strands are absent in Osp/claudin-11 null mice. Gene features (such as splice sites) that are conserved in both species can be given special credence, and partial gene models (such as pairs of adjacent exons) that fail to have counterparts in both species can be filtered out. Dev. Genet. Approximately 83% of the exons in the catalogue were detected by SGP2, which predicted an additional 9,808 (6%) new exons. Sci. & Rougeon, F. A new member of the glutamine-rich protein gene family is characterized by the absence of internal repeats and the androgen control of its expression in the submandibular gland of rats. As the mouse cannot build a new home in time for winter, George and Candy cannot live their dream without Lennie. Pope BD, Ryba T, Dileep V, Yue F, Wu W, Denas O, Vera DL, Wang Y, Hansen RS, Canfield TK, Thurman RE, Cheng Y, Glsoy G, Dennis JH, Snyder MP, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Taylor J, Hardison RC, Kahveci T, Ren B, Gilbert DM. Particularly in the words wins and was which would not traditional be contracted. MHC genotype is also known from ethological studies to influence mate selection, although the molecular mechanisms underlying this effect remain unknown. 9, 987989 (1999), Begun, D. J. The distribution of the elements was: 10% in introns, 85% in the immediate vicinity (<2kb) of promoters, and 5% more distal from promoters. 1, 215220 (1995), Hogan, B., Beddington, R., Costantini, F. & Lacy, E. Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Woodbury, New York, 1994), Joyner, A. L. Gene Targeting: A Practical Approach (Oxford Univ. The contrast is all the more notable because both elements are inserted into the genome through the action of the same endonuclease126,127. Comparative analysis of genomes should thus make it possible to discern, by virtue of evolutionary conservation, biological features that would otherwise escape our notice. Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer. Assuming a speciation time of 75Myr, the average substitution rates would have been 2.2 10-9 and 4.5 10-9 in the human and mouse lineages, respectively. 31, 8191 (1990), Robinson, M., Gautier, C. & Mouchiroud, D. Evolution of isochores in rodents. Proc. 18, 41234130 (1990), Weber, J. L. & May, P. E. Abundant class of human DNA polymorphisms which can be typed using the polymerase chain reaction. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in The mouse ENCODE projectpart of the ENCODE, or ENCyclopedia Of DNA Elements, programaims to examine the genetic and biochemical processes involved in regulating the mouse and human genomes. This observation is consistent with the previous report that the rate of transposition in the human genome has fallen markedly over the past 40 million years1,100. J. Mol. The .gov means its official. There are a total of 7,418 supercontigs at least 2kb in length, plus a further 37,125 smaller supercontigs representing <1% of the assembly. Bioinformatics 17, S132S139 (2001), PubMed The availability of the mouse genome sequence will both speed the design of such constructs and reduce the likelihood of unfortunate choices. We respond to all comments too, giving you the answers you need. Several papers have re-analysed the initial gene catalogue and argued for a substantially larger human gene count146,147. The 12,845 orthologous gene pairs referred to in Table 12 were used for analysis. Comparing performance relative to the competition. We partitioned 521 of the 649 domain families in the SMART database186 into secreted, cytoplasmic or nuclear classes on the basis of published data187. The total number of predicted genes did not change significantly, however, because the increase was offset by a decrease due to mergers of predicted genes. & Margulies, D. H. Structure and function of natural killer cell receptors: multiple molecular solutions to self, nonself discrimination. Researchers often turn to model organisms to understand the complex molecular mechanisms of the human body. J. Biochem. 12, 832839 (2002), Krivan, W. & Wasserman, W. W. A predictive model for regulatory sequences directing liver-specific transcription. Nature 233, 604613 (1971), Kumar, S. & Subramanian, S. Mutation rates in mammalian genomes. As previously reported using smaller data sets236, overall gene structures are highly conserved between orthologous pairs: 86% of the cases (1,289 out of 1,506) have the identical number of coding exons, and 46% (692 out of 1,506) have the identical coding sequence length. We suggested a range of 30,00040,000 to allow for additional genes. companeros/as. Inst. 9, 10211032 (1995), Sun, H., Tsunenari, T., Yau, K. W. & Nathans, J. Gaining audience insights can be costly with the wrong tool. 18, 337340 (2002), Castresana, J. PMID: 25409824.Conservation of trans-acting circuitry during mammalian regulatory evolution. In mammalian genomes, the palindromic dinucleotide CpG is usually methylated on the cytosine residue. Since then, progress towards a complete human sequence has proceeded swiftly, with approximately 98% of the genome now available in draft form and about 95% in finished form. Whether your paper focuses primarily on difference or similarity, you need to make the relationship between A and B clear in your thesis. The dots indicate the expected values for the exponential curve of random breakage given the number of blocks and segments, respectively. We similarly sought to study the extent of conservation in regulatory control regions of genes232,239,240. The initial sequence of the mouse genome reported here is merely a first step in this intellectual programme. Car. J. Mol. Google Scholar, Sutton, K. A. Genome Res. Expression and phylogeny of claudins in vertebrate primordia. It asks students to examine similarities between their two summer reading books, which are two memoirs (Chinese Cinderella and A Long Way Gone). Genet. We also found several non-canonical splice sites in the set of 8,896 orthologous introns, including RTATCCTY 5 splice signals characteristic of U12 introns, which are singularly conserved (see ref. Data analysts in weather stations use comparison-based charts, such as Line Charts and Bar Charts, to compare weather patterns across different periods. After the stop codon, the per cent identity is relatively low for most of the 3 UTR, but then begins to increase about 200 bases before the polyadenylation site. 20, 508512 (2002), CAS Mol. These discrepancies typically occurred at the ends of contigs in the WGS assembly, indicating that they may represent the incorrect incorporation of a single terminal read. In general, SSRs in which one strand is a polypurine tract and the other a polypyrimidine tract are much more common and extended in mouse than human. Out thro' thy cell. Mol. Reprod. Initial sequencing and comparative analysis of the mouse genome. It is only the present that hurts the mouse. Unfortunately, the mouse is a very prominent figure on this list. Genome Res. 9), but with the mouse regions showing a clear tendency to be less extreme in (G+C) content than the human regions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. A total of 147 such clusters containing at least four homologues was identified, of which 47 contained multiple olfactory receptor genes, which have been studied elsewhere193,199 and are not discussed further here. 38, 290297 (1984), Weichenhan, D. et al. Continuity near telomeres tends to be lower, and two chromosomes (5 and X) have unusually large numbers of ultracontigs. Close analysis of this set suggested that it was still contaminated with a substantial number of pseudogenes. We screened the entire assembly for similar instances, affecting regions of at least 20kb. Thus, domains are under greater purifying selection than are regions not containing domains. . Nucleic Acids Res. Evolutionary fates and origins of U12-type introns. J. Mol. 26)237, demonstrating the dynamic (but slow) evolution of gene structure. Second, additional protein-coding genes are predicted on the basis of similarity to proteins in any organism using the GeneWise program144. Mamm. Raw assembly data (before removal of contaminants, anchoring to chromosomes, and addition of finished sequence) are available from the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (WIBR) (ftp://wolfram.wi.mit.edu/pub/mouse_contigs/Mar10_02/). These same four regions are exceptions in the mouse genome as well. The 25 mouse-specific clusters have been generated predominantly by local gene duplication. By comparing the cytochrome P450 gene families from mouse, human and pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes), we found clear expansions in four subfamilies (Cyp2b, Cyp2c, Cyp2d and Cyp4a) in mouse relative to human (Fig. \hspace{30pt} b. Natl Acad. The neutral substitution rate has been roughly half a nucleotide substitution per site since the divergence of the species, with about twice as many of these substitutions having occurred in the mouse compared with the human lineage. Genome Res. This is surely an underestimate of the total number of pseudogenes, owing to the limited sensitivity of the search. Success in QTL identification will be enhanced if genetic mapping can be combined with genomic sequence, expression array data and proteomic data. Apart from the absolute number of SSRs, there are also some marked differences in the frequency of certain SSR classes (Table 9)136. In an accompanying paper, Dermitzakis and colleagues show that a large number of conserved sequences on human chromosome 21 are actively conserved but are unlikely to be genes, suggesting that a large number of non-coding sequence are under selection247. J. Mol. Bethesda, MD 20892-2094, Probiotic blocks staph bacteria from colonizing people, Engineering skin grafts for complex body parts, Links found between viruses and neurodegenerative diseases, Bivalent boosters provide better protection against severe COVID-19. The availability of a deep, end-sequenced BAC library from the B6 strain mapped to the genome sequence now makes it straightforward to obtain a desired gene in a BAC for such experiments; end-sequenced BAC libraries from other strains should be available in the future. 10, 11261137 (2000), Lindblad-Toh, K. et al. The most notable difference is in the changing rate of transposition over time: the rate has remained fairly constant in mouse, but markedly increased to a peak at about 40Myr in human, and then plummeted. Epub 2009 Jan 8. Genesis 31, 137141 (2001), Clark, F. H. Inheritance and linkage relations of mutant characteristics in the deermouse. In most cases (16), the mouse-specific cluster corresponds to only a single gene in the human genome. 16, 37563764 (1996), Smit, A. F. The origin of interspersed repeats in the human genome. Now thous turnd out, for a thy trouble. Sci. Curr Top Dev Biol. On the one hand, differences between the two species reveal the dynamic nature of transposable elements; on the other hand, similarities in the location of lineage-specific elements point to common biological factors that govern insertion and retention of interspersed repeats. Proc. In general, the landmarks in the mouse genome are more closely spaced, reflecting the 14% smaller overall genome size. Subscribe to get NIH Research Matters by email, Mailing Address: The poet says he mistakenly destroys the home or nest of a mouse while ploughing the field that was supposed to be the mouse's roof for the winter. Genome Res. A YAC-based physical map of the mouse genome. Curr. \quad-La gente me usa para hacer ejercicio y para divertirse. Because the sequence has been made available in public databases in advance of publication, examples for many of the predictions can already be cited.