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The answer was opium, a highly addictive drug extracted from the poppy plant. First, there was the opium wars because the Europeans were losing a lot of silver to China, who had the trading advantage. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. The sources include various political justifications and financial factors that influence Britains diplomatic decisions and imperialist tactics. Fig. His survey textbook,In Search for modern China, gives a comprehensive coverage of Chinese history from the early 1600s up to the present. Debatably, either the Xia or Shang were the first dynasties in China, introducing familial succession, relative political stability, and writing systems. First, the most obvious cultural conflict was communication. Japanese Imperialism and the Road to War Over the next few decades, the Qing leadership tried to restrict foreign trade to Macau and the surrounding region, though their efforts were largely in vain. Due the such issues, the Communist government is currently implementing a policy for Hong Kong to politically function as it did under British control for 50 more years. The Belt and Road Initiative has two main iterations: a land-based project to revitalize the ancient Silk Road and a maritime project . The virtue of respecting and caring for one's parents. In 1839, commissioner Lin Zexu seized over a million kilograms of opium and burned them. Argues (p. 16) that Eurocentric approaches to Chinese history all too easily lead to the failings of stereotyping, caricaturing, essentialization, and mythologization.. Islamic peoples in Yuan Dynasty China became well integrated with Han Chinese culture, customs, and politics. Cohen 2003 explicitly challenges much of the existing literature, including in particular the impact-response approach identified with Fairbank, but also the tradition-modernity and imperialism approaches. The final section deals with the legacy of British imperialism in Hong Kong and southern China. The fact that Punch was commenting on events as they happened has meant that it has provided historians with an invaluable source of contemporary values and ideas., . The Age of Exploration in the 1500s produced an increase in Western expeditionsinto Asia. Again, the origins lay well before the 19th century, and again significant military action was importantin this case, led by Zuo Zongtang on behalf of the Qing dynasty. Meanwhile, Japan took control of Korea and the island of Taiwan through invasion. The following is a translated letter fromCommissioner Lin Zexu to Queen Victoria on the eve of the first Opium War in 1839. 2 vols. Qing leaders understood the social and economic dangers posed by opium. The four affected areas we will talk . Sign up to highlight and take notes. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. China was able to limit the power of these traders by restricting them to the port of Guangzhou (or Canton) and by taxing their trade; because of this, European traders were seemed as annoying, yet ultimately profitable. Oxford. Civil service exams began under the Han Dynasty. Britain gained the monopoly of control over India. Britain won, and the war was concluded by the Treaty of Nanking, which forced the Chinese to cede Hong Kong to British control, opened up five 'treaty ports' for trade, and required the payment of reparations. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. A term used to describe the majority ethnic group of China deriving their history and cultural identity from the ancient agricultural Huaxia people of mainland China. Liu Kexiang , and Wu Taichang , eds. Chinese towns and cities had numerous opium dens, where thousands of menlingered and spent their days in a drug-induced stupor. Although this letter never reached Queen Victoria, it nevertheless represented the views of Lin regarding both the Opium Trade in Canton and the broader idea of the free market. Background Information The British could only trade silver with The Chinese Celestial Empire since it lacked no other resource This Chinese Revolution website is created and maintained by Alpha History. Thus, a system of barter based on Indian opium was created to bridge this problem of payment. In the Opium Wars, Britain forced China to open its ports to European traders and import opium, an addictive drug Britain was selling. Because of all the machinery used in this time period, the air in China became polluted and still is today. For the last century, Hong Kong have been using a bilingual system. For the most part, Chinese writings do not treat this episode as an example of imperialism, much as American history books do not generally treat the incorporation of the swath of Mexican territory from Texas to California into the United States as an act of imperialism. A map showing foreign spheres of influence in early 20th century China. Western imperialism in Asia - Wikipedia American Imperialism History & Effects | How Did the U.S. Get Hawaii? Think back to when you were a kid. Which of the following are true about civil service exams under the, Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War. More importantly, it narrows the scope of imperialism from the political and economic actions of a nation to the actions of a company in which the British government had no direct control. It was a period of bloody wars and also of far-reaching changes in politics, society, and intellectual outlook. Tea was an addiction among many drinkers from China to all the way to Europe. boxer rebellion. Yan Zhongping . Gunboat diplomacy refers to accomplishing foreign policy aims through an impressive show of naval power backed up by the threat of war. Imperialism in China is considered to have occurred primarily in the 19th century, but outside interest in China began centuries earlier. For greater detail, by some of the leading experts on various topics, the volumes of The Cambridge History of China (Twitchett and Fairbank 19782009) are essential sources. Many observers believedChina would eventually disintegrate into several discrete colonies, each controlled by a foreign power. Although British imperialism never politically took hold in mainland China, as it did in India or Africa, its cultural and political legacy is still evident today. Japanese imperialism, or of its effect on China, would do well to read his essay carefully. Imperialism and Chinese Politics. The bibliography of the textbook is an archive for reliable sources. 12 (Republican China 19121949, Part 1), 1983; and Vol. The first significant contact between China and Europeans began in the 13th century, with visits by Marco Polo then Franciscan missionaries, followed by Jesuit missionaries in the 16th century. deforestation from agriculture and the construction of railroads brutal working conditions for natives extracting natural resources The foreign policy of remaining apart or separate from the affairs of other groups is called _ [blank]_. London. Though Qing forces heavily outnumbered the British, they lacked Britains naval strength and artillery firepower so were comprehensively defeated. The Dynastic Cycle model describes the history of Imperial China as periods of new rising dynasties, dynastical stagnation, and rebellion repeated across history. He considered the structure of the family to be akin to the structure of the state: patriarchy with a ruler (father) leading his subjects (children). Japanese soldiers murdered and raped Chinese citizens perpetrating one of the worst events in Asian history. Spense, Jonathan D. Cheng,Pei-Kai. Foreign merchants operated mainly in the southern port of Macau, while missionaries travelled more broadly throughout China. Both economic issues and cultural issues have received attention in this story, as discussed at length under Economic Theories of Imperialism and Cultural Analyses of Imperialism, respectively. His final subcategory is the economic theory behind this expansionist enterprise. For a while, this satisfied the British, but it did not last. The Mandate of Heaven (created in the Zhou Dynasty) prescribed a divine right to rule and the consequences of weak emperorship. Grown in the British colony of India, and exported to China by the East India Company, opium quickly became a much-desired product. 15 vols. I feel like its a lifeline. A 700 page comprehensive history that covers the all the major colonial and imperialistic ventures since 1688. Once again, the Qing military suffered a humiliating defeat and the emperor was forced into a one-sided treaty. The Chinese people were pulled in to the drug because they were addicted to it. Imperialism:) Flashcards | Quizlet The decline of feudalism But in Chinese eyes, the chief foreign encumbrance was still the presence of Great Britain, its first invader. Hopkins, Tony. The British Empire by now was well-practiced in gunboat diplomacy, which refers to the strategy of displaying military power in order to intimidate others to concede to demands. Tsang, Steve. The Old Summer Palace, the Qing Chinese equivalent of a national museum, was looted and subsequently burnt down. With superior military technology, the British easily defeated the Chinese and forced a humiliating treaty upon them. High School World History: Help and Review, High School World History: Homework Help Resource, SAT Subject Test World History: Practice and Study Guide, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Test Prep & Practice, AP European History: Homework Help Resource, High School US History: Homework Help Resource, High School US History: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Help and Review, NY Regents Exam - Global History and Geography: Tutoring Solution, NY Regents Exam - US History and Government: Help and Review, UExcel World Conflicts Since 1900: Study Guide & Test Prep, Western Civilization 1648 to the Present: Help and Review, American History Since 1865: Tutoring Solution, Create an account to start this course today. China was forced to cede Korea, the island of Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Opium War (1839-42)7. PDF Subject: European Imperialism in China - University of Southern California 2001. China HDI Report How Does The Belt and Road Initiative Work? Which of the following led to the Song Dynasty's economic success? For centuries, Westerners nurtured a strong interest in China. Excellent source, brilliantly written. The following source covers the history of Hong Kong from its colonization in 1839 to its return to China in 1997. Yan 2001, Wang 2000, and Liu and Wu 2010, taken collectively to cover the period from 1840 to 1937, are more up-to-date in their perspective than Hu 1955 or Ding, et al. Structured around the theme of the development and non-development of Chinese capitalism during the Nanking Decade, under the influences of imperialism and feudalism. 285 lessons All rights reserved. On the right, you can see a seed from 1908, when the Qin dynasty was no longer in power and the territory was not divided by France, America, the United Kingdom, Russia, and Germany. Effects of Western Imperialism in China: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/images/1t19cmap.gif Terms, Concepts, People Define and identify the following: Lin Tse-hsu (Lin Zexu)6. Yet that definition is still not entirely satisfactory in representing the colorful history of Imperial China. Western European interactions with Africa and Asia shifted from limited regional contacts along the coast to greater influence and connections throughout these regions. True or False: Yuan Dynasty ruler Kublai Khan, the grandson of the famous Genghis Khan, was responsible for a decline in sinicization within China. succeed. Rituals and seeking enlightenment are the opposite of practicing Daoism. The Opium War of 1839 was the first large scale military conflicts between the Qing Empire and western imperial powers. European Colonization & Imperialism in Africa | What was the Scramble for Africa? China was a very weak country around 1900. To China's northeast was Korea, and to the east was Japan. This section focuses on the topic of British Imperialism in China from a British perspective. Through an exploration of primary sources, including a Japanese woodblock print and a political cartoon, they will be introduced to the history of Western imperialism in East Asia and how it influenced both the identities and ambitions of Japan and China. Imperial China hosted many dynasties across at least 3,500 years, from the ancient and mythical Xia Dynasty to the Manchurian-ruled Qing Dynasty.