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It was a turning point: the rest of Elizabeth's reign was bedevilled by plots and rumours of Catholic rebellion. Europe. The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. Company Reg no: 04489574. Elizabeth 1 - Foreign Policy - Revision Cards in A Level and IB History In 1554 Mary had Elizabeth imprisoned in the Tower of London, briefly threatened her with execution, and then placed her under house arrest. Instead, Drakes plan was to attack the port of Cadiz, which wasnt as well defended. Although her small kingdom was threatened by grave internal divisions, Elizabeth's blend of shrewdness, courage, and majestic self-display inspired ardent expressions of loyalty and helped unify the nation against foreign enemies. All Catholic priests are ordered to leave the country. As Catholics do not believe in divorce it means that the marriage between Henry and Catherine was never dissolved, and therefore, the marriage with Anne never happened, and as a result of this Elizabeth was an illegitimate child and had no right to the throne of England. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. Spain had colonies in North and South America and Englands trade with them was very profitable, but foreigners needed a license to trade there. The reasons for, and significance of, Mary Queen of Scots execution in 1587. 2. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. However, the Catholic Church bans divorce which presented a problem for Henry as he could not legally get rid of Catherine. In the eyes of the Spanish, Drake was a pirate however in the eyes of the English and Elizabeth, he was a patriot. Moreover, when Henry executed Anne Boleyn in 1536, Henry VIII himself declared Elizabeth illegitimate (although this situation was later reversed). However, the Privy Council had put huge pressure on Elizabeth to marry and urged her to take a husband in late 1559, which suggests that the Privy Council would have agreed on a suitor had there been someone suitable as they realised the importance of securing a Protestant English throne and the Tudor dynasty, and perhaps it was this lack of a suitable suitor that caused Elizabeth to remain . Essentially, this meant England and Spain were now at war. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. Walsingham had established a large spy network and was able to intercept letters of Catholic conspirators and work with an expert cryptographer to decode them. From 1574, with the help of the Pope, Catholic priests were also being smuggled into England to continue the spread of the Catholic faith. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. The English also had better tactics that were more effective. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Importantly though, the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots in England did more to embolden the threat of Catholicism. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Her arrival and ultimate house arrest were the result of her having to flee Scotland. CLO History: What problems did Elizabeth face when she became - Quizlet The war was going badly for England. PDF Paper 2: Early Elizabethan England 1558-88 - Oasis Academy South Bank Describe two features of the Puritan challenge 6. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. She managed these difficulties with great pragmatism and opportunism, reducing the threat of invasion. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. This focused on dividing the poor into the able-bodied and the impotent. He would often return with huge amounts of treasure for Queen Elizabeth. Some Vikings fled to France to establish a colony called Normandy. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. This included: 1) the Act of Supremacy which stated that Elizabeth was Head of the Church, 2) the Act of Uniformity which set out expectations for church appearances and church services and 3) Royal Injunctions a set of instructions reinforcing the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. -In 1558, Elizabeth the first became queen. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. Explain why Elizabeth faced many problems upon ascending to the throne in 1558 . England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. The Act of Supremacy The queen's reassertion of control over religious matters was achieved via the April 1559 CE Act of Supremacy, once more closing the door on the Pope. This increased tension between England and Spain. Another danger was the risk Marys son, James VI of Scotland posted as he might seek revenge for his mothers death. The war against France ended in 1559, and following Elizabeths accession, they tried to maintain good relations between the two countries. Company Reg no: 04489574. The local inhabitants showed little mercy to the survivors of these wrecks. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. When Mary eventually gets pregnant, Francis is initially . They Schools can qualify for all our resources for free. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. Boston House, Legitimacy of succession: The Pope did not recognise Henry VIII's marriage to Anne. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. One way in which Mary was central to the Catholic threat was through her part in various plots to overthrow Elizabeth. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. In 1568, Spanish ships laden with gold bullion took refuge in English ports to escape the bad weather. How successful was Elizabeth I in dealing with foreign policy - StudyMode Company Reg no: 04489574. - Threats of invasion or Elizabeth's authority were made worse by her financial situation. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 How serious a threat was Mary Queen of Scots to Elizabeth's rule? 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. As King Phillip II ruled the Netherlands, he had control over the access to these vital Dutch ports and he could, therefore, limit English access. How significant was the threat to Elizabeth I, posed by her Roman Catholic subjects in the years 1558-1588? The leading figure involved in the plot was Francis Throckmorton, a young Catholic man who carried messages between Mary and Catholic conspirators abroad. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. The first being Elizabeth's refusal of marriage to Phillip if Spain. Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. This pleased those eager for her to marry, but made many unhappy because they did not want her to marry a French Catholic. Elizabeth had given financial help to the rebels, however, remained reluctant to provoke King Phillip by getting directly involved. Born: 7 September 1533. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. During Drakes raid, he captured more than 1000 tons of planks made from seasoned wood, which was needed to make the barrels used to carry food and water. . From there we will look at the career . Mary | Biography & Facts | Britannica With the Popes blessing, foreign Catholic priests were smuggled into England with the sole purpose of continuing recusancy amongst the English Catholics and undermining the influence of Protestantism. Can I give a retake in the feb/march if I had given my exams in the may/June series. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. This plot was supported by the Pope and King Phillip II, who agreed to provide troops for a Spanish invasion. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Register for free, Home / The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Good explanation and link back to the question here at the end of the paragraph.]. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. migration? This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - introduction. The Situation on Elizabeth's Accession | Mind Map - GoConqr [The conclusion establishes relative importance and explains why one factor was more important than another.]. A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Boston Spa, The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. As with the 1569 plot, she would marry the Duke of Norfolk. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. He saw Drake as a pirate and therefore deemed Elizabeths act as deliberately provocative. Elizabeth I and Finances - History Learning Site There was a very real risk that he could form an alliance with other Catholic powers such as France and Spain and invade England. The reasons for, and consequences of, the English victory. The imprisonment owed to her likely involvement in the murder of her second husband, Lord Darnley. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Boston Spa, Elizabeth had reinstated Protestantism as the official religion of England when she inherited the throne, but that did not mean that there were not still Catholics residing in the country. The plan was that 130 ships (equipped with 2431 guns) would sail along the Channel to the Netherlands, where they would pick up 27,000 troops, led by the Duke of Parma. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. The most important reason why Mary was a threat to Elizabeth's reign was the fact that Mary was Catholic. PDF Elizabethan England 155888. (Paper 2) Model - The Oakwood Academy After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. There were a number of factors that contributed to the English victory and Spanish defeat which included English strengths, Spanish weaknesses, as well as luck itself. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. What happened to Elizabeth I in 1554? - Answers - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. English canons could also be reloaded more quickly than the Spanish ones allowing them to inflict greater damage. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. Drake was the first English person to achieve this (and the second person in history at the time). English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. LS23 6AD By this time radical Puritan sectaries were perceived to be . France was at war with England and Spain. PPTX What problems did Elizabeth I face when she became Queen in 1558? He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. Describe two features of Elizabeth's religious settlement 1559 5. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Spain and France were the major European powers. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. - Leith blockade. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. While a baby is born at various points throughout the show, Francis is not its father. A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. Queen Elizabeth and King Phillip II were still reluctant to openly declare war with one another however, in 1585, this changed due to dispute over the Netherlands. One was debt. The plots to overthrow Elizabeth failed for a number of reasons such as: In 1568, the Queens Spymaster, Francis Walsingham used his spy network to prove that Mary had supported the Babington Plot. Anyone refusing to pay poor rates could be imprisoned and officials failing to organise poor relief could be fined. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Use your outline Spains naval and military strength was much greater than Englands at the time, so Elizabeth was reluctant to do anything that could damage their already fragile relationship and lead to open war with Spain.. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Boston House, Elizabeth I faced more difficulties as a monarch than any other Tudor. 214 High Street, This attack proved to be a major setback for Spanish preparation for the Armada. Spain had become a great military power as Phillip ruled Spain, the Netherlands and parts of Italy. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. Both could be serious threats to Elizabeths England. This was viewed as significant because it was seen as a means to increase trade, to expand Protestantism and to use the area as a base for attacks on Spanish colonies in the New World. You may use the following in your answer: France and Elizabeth's legitimacy (16 marks) 'Religion was the main cause of the . Most people in . 1558 -french threat. On November 1569, the Earls managed to capture Durham and proceeded to celebrate Catholic Mass in the Cathedral before marching south in the direction of Tutbury, Derbyshire where Mary was imprisoned. The English had drastically improved their shipbuilding techniques which gave them several technological advantages. The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). There are 4 main exam boards used in the UK. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley | English statesman Coronation: 15 January 1559, Westminster Abbey. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). The early Tudors, 1485-1558 | Institute of Continuing Education (ICE) Marriage to a foreign prince would ensure a foreign alliance and would have strengthened England against threats from abroad. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. This was signed by the English nobility and gentry and required the signatories to execute anyone who attempted to overthrow the Queen. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Born the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn on 7 September 1533, Elizabeth's right to rule as queen of England never went unchallenged. Foreign Policy 1553 to 1558 - History Learning Site As long as Mary was alive, the plots could always be deemed credible and many Catholics secretly wanted a return to Catholocism. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! In July, the Spanish fleet was seen off Cornwall and signal fires known as beacons were lit along the south coast to send the news to the Elizabeth who was in London. Cecil was a master of Renaissance statecraft, whose talents as a diplomat, politician, and administrator won him high office and . VAT reg no 816865400. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Catholic priests were ordered to leave so as not to influence the English Catholics with divided loyalties. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. English direct involvement in the Netherlands, 1585-88. It was estimated that Drake returned with approximately 400,000 of Spanish treasure from regular raids of Spanish ports in South America. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. Importantly too, Elizabeths fear of the Auld Alliance was heightened by the fact that the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, had declared herself the legitimate Queen of England (owing to the fact that she was Elizabeths second cousin and the granddaughter of Henry VIIIs sister Margaret) and she had the support of many English Catholics. This was important because it demonstrated the strength of Catholic feeling within England and highlighted how Elizabeth, after 11 years, was still vulnerable to English Catholics. GCSE: Early Elizabethan England (1558-88) - Tutor2u "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - conclusion. -Elizabeth forced to impose strict penalties against Catholics (penal laws) which enforced religious settlement and protected England against Catholic influence. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. On the death of Mary and the accession of Elizabeth, many hard-line Protestants returned from mainland Europe (where they had fled for their own safety during the reign of Mary) in the full expectation that they were returning to a state where Protestantism was the one and only . - I partly agree with the statement as both France and Spain were powerful Catholic countries, who could unite against Protestant England. As the Spanish had lost these to Drake, they were forced to make their barrels from unseasoned wood, which couldnt preserve food or water very well. Sir Robert Naunton recorded that the queen once said angrily to Leicester, when he tried to insist upon a favour, "I will have here but one mistress and no master." Student / Spain and France were also involved in these plots and so there was always the danger of a foriegn invasion. Tudor Rebellions: Causes & Timeline - Video & Lesson Transcript - Study.com Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. - rebelling of scottish lords. 2) This war was not a success. Stimulus = Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England / The sea beggars, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. Queen Elizabeth had become aware of this plan and in 1587, sent her most successful privateer, Sir Francis Drake, to spy on Spanish preparations and attack their ships and supplies. She was reluctant to execute Mary as she was Queen of Scotland and she believed in Divine Right that rulers were sent by God to govern their country. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. The Problems Facing Elizabeth in 1558 - Coggle "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 2nd point + evidence. Boston Spa, This meant that Elizabeth was declared illegitimate as her claim to the throne comes through the marriage of Anne to Henry. Explain why France was such a threat to Elizabeth when she - Brainly Ridolfis plan was to make Mary queen by first assassinating Elizabeth and then marrying Mary to the Duke of Norfolk. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Babington and other known plotters were hanged, drawn and quartered. Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. A great threat was presented by Catholic opposition to Elizabeth's rule, but Mary's influence over this, and therefore the threat that she posed as an individual, may be called into question. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Elizabeth, however, did not sign the death warrant until February 1587. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch.